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Introduction

The dog food market is expanding rapidly as pet ownership rises globally and consumers increasingly treat pets as family members. Growing awareness about pet health and nutrition is driving demand for premium, organic, and functional dog food products. Dry dog food dominates the market, while wet food, treats, and grain-free options are gaining popularity.

Pet humanization is a key factor, with owners seeking high-quality ingredients, specialized formulations, and products targeting specific health needs such as weight management, joint health, and digestive support. The shift toward sustainable and ethically sourced ingredients is also influencing purchasing behavior.

North America leads the dog food market due to high pet ownership rates and willingness to spend on pet care. Europe follows closely, while Asia-Pacific is emerging rapidly with increasing disposable incomes and urbanization. Online retail and e-commerce platforms have further expanded product accessibility and variety. Future growth will focus on functional foods, natural…

Bunker fuel, also known as heavy fuel oil (HFO), is a dense, viscous type of fuel primarily used in marine vessels and large industrial boilers. It is a residual product left over after refining crude oil to produce lighter fuels like gasoline and diesel. Due to its high sulfur content and low cost, bunker fuel has been a popular choice for powering cargo ships, tankers, and cruise liners. However, its environmental impact has come under scrutiny, leading to stricter regulations in recent years.

The use of bunker fuel poses significant environmental challenges, particularly in terms of air pollution and greenhouse gas emissions. When burned, it releases high levels of sulfur oxides (SOx), nitrogen oxides (NOx), and particulate matter, which contribute to acid rain, respiratory diseases, and ocean acidification. In response, the International Maritime Organization (IMO) introduced regulations such as IMO 2020, which capped sulfur content in marine fuels at 0.5%…

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